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Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources
A measure of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions is an attempt to calculate the global-warming potential of electrical energy sources by doing a life-cycle assessment of each energy source and presenting the findings in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the Carbon dioxide equivalent (e), and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour (kWh). These assessments attempt to cover the full life of the source, from material & fuel mining, through construction, to operation and waste management.
In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change harmonized the Carbon dioxide equivalent (e) findings of the major electricity generating sources used worldwide by assessing the findings of hundreds of individual scientific assessment papers published on each energy source.〔
It is important to note that for all technologies, advances in efficiency, and therefore reductions in e since the time of publication, have not been included. For example, the total life cycle emissions from wind power may have reduced since publication; similarly, due to the timeframe over which the studies were conducted, nuclear Generation II reactor's e results are presented and not the global warming potential of Generation III reactors, which are presently under construction in the United States and China. Other limitations to the current accuracy of the data include missing life cycle phases and uncertainty as to where to define the cut-off point in the global warming potential of an energy source when used in a combined electrical grid in the real world, as opposed to the established practice of simply assessing the energy source in isolation.
==2014 IPCC, Global warming potential of selected electricity sources==
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